Evaluation of Water Quality Trends in the River Hindon, Ghaziabad, From 2010 to 2016 by WQI and Multivariate Analysis

Abstract

River Hindon is a tributary of Yamuna River caters to the need of densely populated agricultural and manufacturing cluster of Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The quality of water in River Hindon is declining breakneck rate due to various metropolitan, municipal and agricultural activities. The data covers 6 years (2010-2016) this data has been used to assess namely pH, DO, BOD, COD, and Fecal Coliform & Total Coliform. The analysis is conducted using MS Excel and SPSS 25 software. This paper uses the multivariate analysis of the Hindon River in three locations  Mohan Nagar, Karheda&Chijrashi in the Ghaziabad region. It uses analytical techniques such as WQI, CA, PCA, and DA to assess temporal and spatial changes and to interpret enormous and complex water quality data.  A dendrogram created from the cluster analysis shows two significant clusters separating the pre-monsoon from the post-monsoon on the temporal scale in the study areas. The data were investigated using multivariate techniques for analysis that reduced the input dimensions for better interpretation, recognizable pieces of proof of contamination sources or factors, and getting temporal or spatial changes in water quality for adequate stream water quality administration. The major pollutants are organic pollutants. Studies show water quality become worst during the 2012-13 year. The Temperature parameter during 2012-13 was quite high; this leads to higher evaporation and concentration of contaminants. This Study also found factor analysis latent variables are interpretable for portraying the stream water quality in the River Hindon. The wellsprings of these pollutants were released from fabric, tannery, paper, sugar industries, and distilleries.  The consequence of this investigation demonstrates the utility of multivariate analytical techniques in the examination of river water quality.